Please double check your Serial Key entry to make sure that there are no spaces between any of the characters and all letters, numbers and hyphens are typed in exactly as shown. The computer is not connected to the Internet. Many computer programs come with serial numbers, often called 'Compact Disc keys', and the installers often require the user to enter a valid serial number to continue. These numbers are verified using a certain algorithm to avoid usage of counterfeit keys.

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Most pieces of commercial software come with some form of protection to deter unauthorized copying and installation. Although software makers use different methods to achieve this goal, one common approach involves asking the user to type in a product key or serial number, which is the case for both Microsoft Windows and Office.

This string of letters and/or numbers is a unique identifier that the software decodes to verify that your copy is legal. It’s required to authorize the software’s installation and your eligibility for product support, so it’s important to know where it is and how to access it.

Here are some easy ways to find your product key for both Windows and Office.

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Find your product key

Try to remember how you purchased your Microsoft software, which determines where you need to look to find the product key.

If you bought a retail copy of Microsoft Windows or Office, the first place to look is in the disc jewel case. Retail Microsoft product keys are usually on a bright sticker located inside the case with the CD/DVD, or on the back. The key consists of 25 alphanumeric characters, usually split into groups of five.

If your computer came preloaded with Microsoft Windows, the software product key is usually on a multicolored, Microsoft-branded sticker on your PC case. For Microsoft Office, you can find the sticker on the installation disc that accompanied the computer. If all else fails, you will need to contact Microsoft to obtain a replacement key.

Windows 10

With Windows 10 Microsoft introduced a new method for authenticating the operating system called a digital entitlement, but it doesn’t apply to all Windows 10 PCs.

Basically, you have a digital entitlement if you upgraded your PC from Windows 7 or 8.1 for free. You will also have a digital entitlement if you paid for a Windows 10 upgrade via the Windows Store, or did a fresh install of Windows 10 and then paid for it via the Windows Store.

If, however, you obtained Windows 10 by buying a new PC, buying a Windows 10 installation DVD, or buying a digital copy of Windows 10 from a retailer that’s not the Windows Store then you have a traditional product key, not a digital entitlement.

What a digital entitlement means

If your PC has a digital entitlement, Microsoft keeps a record of your right to run Windows 10 on its servers. The good thing about this system is there’s no product key to lose. If you ever need to do a fresh install from a USB drive, for example, you will not have to activate your PC. Instead, after the reinstall Windows will activate seamlessly in the background within a few hours (or at worst a few days).

The one thing to keep in mind is that your digital entitlement is based around your system configuration. If you change too many components at once and then try to reinstall Windows 10 you may run into problems. This is a rare issue, but it’s something to keep in mind if you are planning on swapping out your hard drive or SSD and hope to do some other upgrades at the same time.

It would be better, for example, to do the HDD to SSD swap first, reinstall Windows 10, and once it’s activated take care of the other component upgrades. Otherwise, you might be putting in a call to Microsoft’s robo-activation line.

That said, major upgrades like swapping out your motherboard are almost certainly guaranteed to require a call to Microsoft for activation.

Extract your key from Microsoft Windows or Office

If you can’t find your key but the software is installed, you can use a program such as the Magical Jelly Bean Key Finder. This utility can quickly locate your Windows key (along with the keys for many other installed programs) and display it for you.

1. Download Magical Jelly Bean and follow the installation process to install it on your computer.
2. Launch the program. You can find it by opening the Start menu, typing keyfinder, and pressing Enter.
3. The program will scan your installations and find the product keys of supported programs, including various versions of Windows and Microsoft Office.
4. When the scan is complete, the tool will display a window with entries in the left pane for whatever installed versions of Windows and Office it detected.
5. Click the entry for your version of Microsoft Windows to reveal the key and other information about the installation. The key will be listed under ‘CD Key’ on the right side of the window. Record this information in case you need to reference it in the future. Make sure to record the information exactly, as the key will not work otherwise. Do not confuse this with the ‘Product ID’ entry, which is unneeded.
6. Click the entry for your version of Microsoft Office to reveal the key and other information about that installation. The same advice goes for Office: Your key will be listed under ‘CD Key’ on the right side of the window. Record this information exactly, as the key will not work otherwise.

A vehicle identification number (VIN) is a unique code, including a serial number, used by the automotive industry to identify individual motor vehicles, towed vehicles, motorcycles, scooters and mopeds, as defined in ISO 3779 (content and structure) and ISO 4030 (location and attachment).

VINs were first used in 1954 in the United States.^[1] From 1954 to 1981, there was no accepted standard for these numbers, so different manufacturers used different formats.

In 1981, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the United States standardized the format.^[1] It required all on-road vehicles sold to contain a 17-character VIN, which does not include the letters O (o), I (i), and Q (q) (to avoid confusion with numerals 0, 1, and 9).

There are vehicle history services in several countries that help potential car owners use VINs to find vehicles that are defective or have been written off.

• 2Components
  • 2.1World manufacturer identifier
  • 2.2Vehicle descriptor section
  • 2.3Vehicle identifier section
• 3Check-digit calculation

Classification[edit]

There are at least four competing standards used to calculate the VIN.

• FMVSS 115, Part 565: Used in United States and Canada^[2]
• ISO Standard 3779: Used in Europe and many other parts of the world
• SAE J853: Very similar to the ISO standard
• ADR 61/2 used in Australia, referring to ISO 3779 and 3780^[3]

Components[edit]

Modern VINs are based on two related standards, originally issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1979 and 1980: ISO 3779^[4] and ISO 3780,^[5] respectively. Compatible but different implementations of these ISO standards have been adopted by the European Union and the United States, respectively.^[6]

The VIN comprises the following sections:

World manufacturer identifier[edit]

The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the world manufacturer identifier or WMI code. A manufacturer who builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit, and the 12th, 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification. Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category (e.g., bus or truck), a division within a manufacturer, or both. For example, within 1G (assigned to General Motors in the United States), 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars; 1G2, Pontiac passenger cars; and 1GC, Chevrolet trucks.

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in the U.S. assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers.^[8]

The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located. In practice, each is assigned to a country of manufacture, although in Europe the country where the continental headquarters is located can assign the WMI to all vehicles produced in that region (Example: Opel/Vauxhall cars whether produced in Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom or Poland carry a WMI of W0L because Adam Opel AG is based in Rüsselsheim, Germany).

In the notation below, assume that letters precede numbers and that zero is the last number. For example, 8X–82 denotes the range 8X, 8Y, 8Z, 81, 82, excluding 80.^[8]

Country or Region codes[edit]

Vehicle descriptor section[edit]

The fourth to ninth positions in the VIN are the vehicle descriptor section or VDS. This is used, according to local regulations, to identify the vehicle type, and may include information on the automobile platform used, the model, and the body style. Each manufacturer has a unique system for using this field. Most manufacturers since the 1980s have used the eighth digit to identify the engine type whenever there is more than one engine choice for the vehicle. Example: for the 2007 Chevrolet Corvette, U is for a 6.0-liter V8 engine, and E is for a 7.0 L V8.

North American check digits[edit]

One element that is inconsistent is the use of position nine as a check digit, compulsory for vehicles in North America and China, but not Europe.

Vehicle identifier section[edit]

The 10th to 17th positions are used as the 'vehicle identifier section' (VIS). This is used by the manufacturer to identify the individual vehicle in question. This may include information on options installed or engine and transmission choices, but often is a simple sequential number. In North America, the last five digits must be numeric.

Model year encoding[edit]

One consistent element of the VIS is the 10th digit, which is required worldwide to encode the model year of the vehicle. Besides the three letters that are not allowed in the VIN itself (I, O and Q), the letters U and Z and the digit 0 are not used for the model year code. The year code is the model year for the vehicle.

The year 1980 was encoded by some manufacturers, especially General Motors and Chrysler, as 'A' (since the 17-digit VIN was not mandatory until 1981, and the 'A' or zero was in the manufacturer's pre-1981 placement in the VIN), yet Ford and AMC still used a zero for 1980. Subsequent years increment through the allowed letters, so that 'Y' represents the year 2000. 2001 to 2009 are encoded as the digits 1 to 9, and subsequent years are encoded as 'A', 'B', 'C', etc.

On April 30, 2008, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration adopted a final rule amending 49 CFR Part 565, 'so that the current 17 character vehicle identification number (VIN) system, which has been in place for almost 30 years, can continue in use for at least another 30 years', in the process making several changes to the VIN requirements applicable to all motor vehicles manufactured for sale in the United States. There are three notable changes to the VIN structure that affect VIN deciphering systems:

• The make may only be identified after looking at positions one through three and another position, as determined by the manufacturer in the second section or fourth to eighth segment of the VIN.
• In order to identify the exact year in passenger cars and multipurpose passenger vehicles with a GVWR of 10,000 or less, one must read position 7 as well as position 10. For passenger cars, and for multipurpose passenger vehicles and trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) or less, if position seven is numeric, the model year in position 10 of the VIN refers to a year in the range 1980–2009.^{[citation needed]} If position seven is alphabetic, the model year in position 10 of VIN refers to a year in the range 2010–2039.
• The model year for vehicles with a GVWR greater than 10,000 lb (4,500 kg), as well as buses, motorcycles, trailers and low-speed vehicles, may no longer be identified within a 30-year range. VIN characters 1–8 and 10 that were assigned from 1980–2009 can be repeated beginning with the 2010 model year.

Plant code[edit]

Compulsory in North America and China is the use of the 11th character to identify the assembly plant at which the vehicle was built. Each manufacturer has its own set of plant codes.

Production number[edit]

In the United States and China, the 12th to 17th digits are the vehicle's serial or production number. This is unique to each vehicle, and every manufacturer uses its own sequence.

Check-digit calculation[edit]

A check-digit validation is used for all road vehicles sold in the United States and Canada.

When trying to validate a VIN with a check digit, first either (a) remove the check digit for the purpose of calculation or (b) use a weight of zero (see below) to cancel it out. The original value of the check digit is then compared with the calculated value. If the calculated value is 0–9, the check digit must match the calculated value. If the calculated value is 10, the check digit must be X. If the two values do not match (and there was no error in the calculation), then there is a mistake in the VIN. However, a match does not prove the VIN is correct, because there is still a 1/11 chance that any two distinct VINs have a matching check digit: for example, the valid VINs 5GZCZ43D13S812715 (correct with leading five) and SGZCZ43D13S812715 (incorrect with leading character 'S'). The VINs in the Porsche image, WP0ZZZ99ZTS392124, and the GM-T body image, KLATF08Y1VB363636, do not pass the North American check-digit verification.

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Transliterating the numbers[edit]

Transliteration consists of removing all of the letters, and replacing them with their appropriate numerical counterparts. These numerical alternatives (based on IBM's EBCDIC) are in the following chart. I, O, and Q are not allowed in a valid VIN; for this chart, they have been filled in with N/A (not applicable). Numerical digits use their own values.

S is 2, and not 1. There is no left-alignment linearity.

Weights used in calculation[edit]

The following is the weight factor for each position in the VIN. The 9th position is that of the check digit. It has been substituted with a 0, which will cancel it out in the multiplication step.

Worked example[edit]

Consider the hypothetical VIN 1M8GDM9A_KP042788, where the underscore will be the check digit.

1. The VIN's value is calculated from the above transliteration table. This number is used in the rest of the calculation.
2. Copy the weights from the above weight factor table.
3. The products row is the result of the multiplication of the vertical columns: Value and Weight.
4. The products (8, 28, 48, 35 ... 24, 16) are all added together to yield a sum, 351.
5. Find the remainder after dividing by 11
   351 MOD 11 = 10
   351 ÷ 11 = 31 ¹⁰/₁₁
6. The remainder is the check digit. If the remainder is 10, the check digit is X. In this example, the remainder is 10, so the check digit is transliterated as X.

With a check digit of X, the VIN 1M8GDM9A_KP042788 is written 1M8GDM9AXKP042788.

A VIN with straight-ones (seventeen consecutive 1s) has the nice feature that its check digit 1 matches the calculated value 1. This is because a value of one multiplied by 89 (sum of weights) is 89, and 89 divided by 11 is 8 with remainder ​¹⁄₁₁; thus 1 is the check digit. This is a way to test a VIN-check algorithm.

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VIN scanning[edit]

VINs may be optically read with barcode scanners or digital cameras, or digitally read via OBD-II in newer vehicles. There are smartphone applications that can pass the VIN to websites to decode the VIN.

List of common WMI[edit]

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) assigns the WMI (world manufacturer identifier) to countries and manufacturers. The following list shows a small selection of world manufacturer codes.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^ab'Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs)'. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Retrieved 2011-07-24.
2. ^'eCFR – Code of Federal Regulations – Title 49: Transportation – PART 565—VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (VIN) REQUIREMENTS'. www.ecfr.gov. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
3. ^'ComLaw Legislative Instruments – Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 61/02 – Vehicle Marking) 2005 (ADR 61/02)'. Comlaw.gov.au. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
4. ^ISO 3779:2009 Road vehicles—Vehicle identification number (VIN)—Content and structure
5. ^ISO 3780:2009 Road vehicles—World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code
6. ^'United States Federal VIN Requirements (Title 49, Chapter V, Part 565)'. Access.gpo.gov. Archived from the original on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
7. ^ ^ab'Directive 76/114/EEC - Automotive - Enterprise and Industry'. European Commission. Archived from the original on 2013-09-30. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
8. ^ ^ab'ISO 3780:2009 Road vehicles – World manufacturer identifier (WMI) code'. ISO. 2009-10-05. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
9. ^ ^{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbdcdddedfdgdhdidjdkdldmdndodpdqdrdsdt}'List of manufacturers of motor vehicles and their trailers - numerical - SV 3.2'(PDF). Germany: Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt. 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2019-01-08.
10. ^'Re: VIN Information pursuant to 49 CFR 565.7 KOENIGSEGG'(PDF). US: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2008-03-14. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
11. ^ ^abc'Revision to General Motors' Vehicle Identification Number decoding for 2016 Model Year'(PDF). US: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2015-01-12. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
12. ^'Importing vehicles without a 17 character VIN'. NEVDIS.

External links[edit]

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